Under the Treaty, Spain ceded the Luxembourgish fortresses of Stenay, Thionville, and Montmédy, and the surrounding territory to France, effectively reducing the size of Luxembourg for the first time in centuries. [60] In context of the Nine Years' War in 1684, France invaded Luxembourg again, conquering and occupying the Duchy until 1697 when it was returned to the Spanish in order to garner support for the Bourbon cause during the prelude to the War of the Spanish Succession. When the war broke out in 1701 Luxembourg and the Spanish Netherlands were administered by the pro-French faction under the governor Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria and sided with the Bourbons. The duchy was subsequently occupied by the pro-Austrian allied forces during the conflict and was awarded to Austria at its conclusion in 1714.
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Luxembourg troops have also deployed to Afghanistan, to support ISAF. The army has also participated in humanitarian relief missions such as setting up refugee camps for Kurds and providing emergency supplies to Albania. [106] Geography[edit] Luxembourg is one of Europe's smallest countries, ranking 167th in size of the 194 independent countries of the world; it is about 2, 586 square kilometers (998 sq mi) in size, and measures 82 km (51 mi) long and 57 km (35 mi) wide.
The Secretariat of the European Parliament is located in Luxembourg, but the Parliament usually meets in Brussels and sometimes in Strasbourg. [102] Military[edit] Luxembourgish soldiers on parade during National Day, Grand Duke Day, 23 June The Luxembourgish army is mostly based in its casern, the Centre militaire Caserne Grand-Duc Jean on the Härebierg in Diekirch. The general staff is based in the capital, the État-Major. [103] The army is under civilian control, with the grand duke as Commander-in-Chief. The Minister for Defense, François Bausch, oversees army operations. The professional head of the army is the Chief of Defense, who answers to the minister and holds the rank of general.
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[197] According to a 2010 Pew Research Center study, 70. 4% are Christian, 2. 3% Muslim, 26. 8% unaffiliated, and 0. 5% other religions. [198] According to a 2005 Eurobarometer poll, [199] 44% of Luxembourg citizens responded that "they believe there is a God", whereas 28% answered that "they believe there is some sort of spirit or life force", and 22% that "they do not believe there is any sort of spirit, god, or life force". Education[edit] Luxembourg's education system is trilingual: the first years of primary school are in Luxembourgish, before changing to German; while in secondary school, the language of instruction changes to French. [200] Proficiency in all three languages is required for graduation from secondary school, but half the students leave school without a certified qualification, with the children of immigrants being particularly disadvantaged.
^ a b c d "World Economic Outlook Database, October 2019". IMF. org. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 8 January 2020. ^ "Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income – EU-SILC survey". ec. europa. eu. Eurostat. Retrieved 9 August 2021. ^ "Human Development Report 2021/2022" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme.
[218] Cuisine[edit] Luxembourg cuisine reflects its position on the border between the Latin and Germanic worlds, being heavily influenced by the cuisines of neighboring France and Germany. More recently, [when? ] it has been enriched by its many Italian and Portuguese immigrants. [citation needed] Most native Luxembourg dishes, consumed as the traditional daily fare, share roots in the country's folk dishes, the same as in neighboring Germany. [citation needed] Luxembourg sells the most alcohol in Europe per capita. [219] However, the large proportion of alcohol purchased by customers from neighboring countries contributes to the statistically high level of alcohol sales per capita; this level of alcohol sales is thus not representative of the actual alcohol consumption of the Luxembourg population. [220] Luxembourg has the second highest number of Michelin-starred restaurants per capita with Japan ranked at number one and Switzerland following Luxembourg at number three. [221] Media[edit] The main languages of media in Luxembourg are French and German.
8 September 2022. Retrieved 8 September 2022. ^ "Luxembourg". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (5th ed. ). HarperCollins. Retrieved 1 October 2019. ^ "Europe:: Luxembourg — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency". www. cia. gov. Retrieved 12 December 2020. ^ "Decision of the Representatives of the Governments of the Member States on the location of the seats of the institutions (12 December 1992)". Centre virtuel de la connaissance sur l'Europe. 2014. Archived from the original on 13 October 2019. Retrieved 24 October 2017.
[61] As the Duchy of Luxembourg repeatedly passed back and forth from Spanish and Austrian to French rule, each of the conquering nations contributed to strengthening and expanding the Fortress that the Castle of Luxembourg had become over the years. One example of this includes French military engineer Marquis de Vauban who advanced the fortifications around and on the heights of the city, fortification walls that are still visible today. [60] Luxembourg under French rule (1794–1815)[edit] During the War of the First Coalition, Revolutionary France invaded the Austrian Netherlands, and with it, Luxembourg, yet again.
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24 November 2020. Retrieved 11 December 2020. ^ Eurobarometer 90. 4: Attitudes of Europeans towards Biodiversity, Awareness and Perceptions of EU customs, and Perceptions of Antisemitism. European Commission. Archived from the original on 13 March 2020. Retrieved 15 July 2019 – via GESIS. ^ "Surface water and surface water change". Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Retrieved 11 October 2020. ^ "Statistiques // Luxembourg". statistiques. public. lu. Retrieved 11 April 2022. ^ "Luxembourg's demography in figures - edition 2022".
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[40][41] The Christianization of Luxembourg also falls into this epoch and is usually dated back to the end of the 7th century. The most famous figure in this context is Willibrord, a Northumbrian missionary saint, who together with other monks established the Abbey of Echternach in AD 698. [42] It is in his honor that the notable Dancing procession of Echternach takes place annually on Whit Tuesday. For a few centuries, the abbey would become one of northern Europe's most influential abbeys.
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